Vol. 8, Issue 1, Part A (2026)

Mulk Raj Anand has a special place in Indian English literature as a groundbreaking novelist whose works are profoundly anchored in social responsibility and ethical humanism. Set against the backdrop of colonial India, Untouchable (1935) and Coolie (1936) critically analyse the dual aspects of early industrialization and urban expansion as both transformative and oppressive forces. This analysis contends that industrialization does not serve as a liberating force; instead, it amplifies caste-based discrimination, heightens labour exploitation, and leads to significant social and psychological alienation. Anand illustrates, through the lived experiences of Bakha and Munoo, the ways in which deeply rooted caste hierarchies interact with developing capitalist relations, leading to ongoing systemic marginalization and dehumanization. The paper employs a detailed textual analysis guided by humanist and Marxist critical frameworks, facilitating a comprehensive exploration of the ethical values and material conditions that contribute to social injustice. The research draws attention to human dignity, compassion, and moral responsibility, shedding light on Anand’s ongoing humanist critique of industrial modernity and its detrimental effects on essential human values. The paper enhances current academic discourse by reaffirming Anand’s lasting significance as a socially engaged author whose narratives provide a profound ethical and socio-economic analysis of industrialization in colonial India.